Ararat rebellion

From left to right: Halis Bey, Ihsan Nuri Pasha, Ferzende Bey^[1]

Date	October 1927-September 17, 1930
Location	Karaköse Province (present day Ağrı Province), Turkey
Result	Decisive Turkish victory. Revolt suppressed; Republic of Ararat disbanded.

Belligerents

Turkey

Republic of Ararat

Commanders and leaders

Mustafa Kemal
İsmet (İnönü)
Fevzi Çakmak
İbrahim Tali
İzzettin
Salih

Ihsan Nuri
Ibrahim

Ferzende
Halis

Strength

66,000
Third Army
IX Corps, VII Corps

800-1500

Casualties and losses

4,500-47,000^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Ararat rebellion

First Ararat Second Ararat Tendurek Zeylan Third Ararat / Xoybûn Republic of Ararat Zilan massacre Iran-Turkey Frontier Treaty

Kurdish rebellions

Koçgiri Rebellion ¹ Sheikh Said rebellion Ararat rebellion Dersim rebellion ² PKK Rebellion (Serhildan)

1. Alevi+Kurdish rebellion^[7], 2. Zaza rebellion^[8]

The Ararat rebellion, also known as the Ağrı rebellion, was an uprising of the Kurdish residents of the province of Ağrı in eastern Turkey against the Turkish government that took place in 1930.

The leader of the Kurdish guerrilla forces in this rebellion, Ihsan Nuri, was from the Kurdish Jibran tribe.^[9]

1 Prelude
2 Attempt of Xoybûn
3 Last offensive against Mount Ararat
4 Aftermath
5 Cultural influences
6 See also
7 References

Prelude

In 1926, Ibrahim Heski commanded the Hesenan, Jalali, Haydaran tribes and started a rebellion (May 16 - June 17, 1926).^[10] On 16 May, Kurdish forces fought against the 28th Infantry Regiment of the 9th Infantry Division of Turkish Army and a Gendarmie regiment in Demirkapı region. Turkish troops were defeated and scattered 28th Regiment had to retreat towards Doğubeyazıt.^[11] On June 16/17, Ibrahim and his forces were surrounded by 28th and 34th regiments, but they could escape through Yukarı Demirkapı to Iran.^[12]

Attempt of Xoybûn

Main articles: Republic of Ararat and Second Ararat Operation

On June 11, 1930 armed responses to the rebellion were initiated by the Turkish military against the Ağrı insurgents. According to Wadie Jwaideh, Xoybûn, the Kurmanci Kurdish nationalist organisation co-ordinating this rebellion, urgently appealed for help from Kurds. This was a Kurdish rebellion by mostly Kurmancî Kurds, far outnumbered the Kizilbash of Dersim. This is why, much to the Turks' dismay, Xoybûn's appeal was answered on a wide front, by a counter-offensive at Tendruk, Iğdır, Erdjish, Sipan Dagh, Van and Bitlis, forcing the Turks to temporarily abandon their offensive against Ağrı.^[13] The rebels were gradually crushed by the superior numbers of the Turkish military.^[14]^[15]

The commander of the rebellion documented the role of the Turkish air force in defeating the Ağrı revolt in his book entitled La Révolte de L'Agridagh (The Mount Ararat revolt).^[16]

Last offensive against Mount Ararat

By the end of summer 1930, the Turkish Air Force was bombing Kurdish positions around Mount Ararat from all directions. According to General Ihsan Nuri, the military superiority of Turkish Air Force demoralized Kurds and led to their capitulation.^[17]

During the insurrection, the Turkish Air Force also bombed several Kurdish tribes and villagers. For instance Halikanli and Herki tribes were bombed on July 18 and August 2, 1930, respectively. Rebel villages were continually bombed from August 2 to 29th.^[18] From June 10 to June 12, 1930, Kurdish positions were extensively bombed, and this forced the Kurds to retreat to higher positions around Mount Ararat. On July 9, newspaper Cumhuriyet reported that the Turkish air forces was "raining down" Mount Ararat with bombs.^[19] Kurds, who escaped the bombings, were captured alive. On July 13, the rebellion in Zilan was suppressed.^[20] Squadrons of 10-15 aircraft were used in crushing the revolt. On July 16, two Turkish planes were downed and their pilots were killed by the Kurds.^[20] Aerial bombardment continued for several days and forced Kurds to withdraw to the height of 5,000 m (16,000 ft). By July 21, bombardment had destroyed many Kurdish forts. During these operations, Turkish military mobilized 66,000 soldiers and 100 aircraft.^[21] The campaign against the Kurds was over by September 17, 1930.

The insurrection was defeated in 1931, and Turkey resumed control over the territory.

Aftermath

On January 23, 1932, Persia and Turkey signed the "Accord realtif a la fixation de la ligne frontière entre Perse et al Turquie" in Tehran. Turkey received total control over the Lesser Ararat and Ağrı Mountains and territory between the Armenian village of Guirberan and Kuch Dagh, Persia gained ninety square miles in the neighbourhood of Qotur (قطور).^[22]

Cultural influences

Kemal Tahir, Yol Ayrımı ("The fork in the road", novel)
Esat Mahmut Karakurt, Dağları Bekliyen Kız ("The Girl who is waiting for the Mountains", novel)
Dağları Bekleyen Kız ("The Girl who is waiting for the Mountains", 1955, film)
Dağları Bekleyen Kız ("The Girl who is waiting for the Mountains", 1968, film)^[23]

References

^ Rohat Alakom, Hoybûn örgütü ve Ağrı ayaklanması, Avesta, 1998, ISBN 9757112453, p. 180. (Turkish)
^ Yusuf Mazhar, Cumhuriyet, 16 Temmuz 1930, ... Zilan harekatında imha edilenlerin sayısı 15,000 kadardır. Zilan Deresi ağzına kadar ceset dolmuştur...
^ Ahmet Kahraman, ibid, p. 211, Karaköse, 14 (Özel muhabirimiz bildiriyor) ...
^ Ayşe Hür, "Osmanlı'dan bugüne Kürtler ve Devlet-4", Taraf, October 23, 2008, Retrieved August 16, 2010.
^ M. Kalman, Belge, tanık ve yaşayanlarıyla Ağrı Direnişi 1926–1930, Pêrî Yayınları, İstanbul, 1997, ISBN 9758245015, p. 105.
^ "Der Krieg am Ararat" (Telegramm unseres Korrespondenten) Berliner Tageblatt, October 3, 1930, "... die Türken in der Gegend von Zilan 220 Dörfer zerstört und 4500 Frauen und Greise massakriert."
^ Martin van Bruinessen, "Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as Deliberately Embraced Ethnic Identities" in '"Aslını İnkar Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of The Kurdish Alevis' in Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi, Barbara Kellner-Heinkele, Anke Otter-Beaujean, Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East: Collected Papers of the International Symposium "Alevism in Turkey and Comparable Sycretistic Religious Communities in the Near East in the Past and Present" Berlin, 14-17 April 1995, BRILL, 1997, ISBN 9789004108615, p. 13.
^ Martin van Bruinessen, "Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as Deliberately Embraced Ethnic Identities" in '"Aslını İnkar Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of The Kurdish Alevis', p. 14.
^ Rohat Alkom, Hoybûn örgütü ve Ağrı ayaklanması, Avesta, 1998, ISBN 9757112453, p. 80. (Turkish)
^ Faik Bulut, Devletin Gözüyle Türkiye'de Kürt İsyanları, Yön Yayıncılık, 1991, p. 79. (Turkish)
^ Bulut, ibid, p. 80. (Turkish)
^ Bulut, ibid, p. 83. (Turkish)
^ Paul J. White, Primitive rebels or revolutionary modernizers?: the Kurdish national movement in Turkey, Zed Books, 2000, ISBN 9781856498227, p. 78. (English)
^ White, Paul J. (1995). "Ethnic Differentiation among the Kurds: Kurmancî, Kizilbash and Zaza". Journal of Arabic, Islamic & Middle Eastern Studies 2 (2): 67–90. http://members.tripod.com/~zaza_kirmanc/research/paul.htm#8.
^ Jwaideh, Wadie (1960). The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Its Origins and Development. Unpublished PhD thesis. Syracuse University, New York, p.623. ISBN 0-8156-3093-X
^ Ihsan Nuri Pasha, La Révolte de L'Agridagh, with a preface by Ismet Cheriff Vanly, Éditions Kurdes, Geneva, 1985. (translated into Turkish: Ağrı Dağı İsyanı, Med Publications, Istanbul, 1992.(pp.98, 105, 131, 141, 156 and 164)
^ (Olson 2000, p. 81)
^ (Olson 2000, p. 82)
^ (Olson 2000, p. 83)
^ ^a ^b (Olson 2000, p. 84)
^ (Olson 2000, p. 86)
^ Pirouz Mojtahed-Zadeh, Boundary Politics and International Boundaries of Iran: A Study of the Origin, Evolution, and Implications of the Boundaries of Modern Iran with Its 15 Neighbors in the Middle East, the Persian Gulf, the Caucasus, the Caspian Sea, Central Asia, and West Asia by a Number of Renowned Experts in the Field, Universal-Publishers, 2007, ISBN 9781581129335, p. 142.
^ www.imdb.com

Olson, Robert (2000). "The Kurdish Rebellions of Sheikh Said (1925), Mt. Ararat (1930), and Dersim (1937-8): Their Impact on the Development of the Turkish Air Force and on Kurdish and Turkish Nationalism". Die Welt Des Islams 40 (1): 67–94. doi:10.1163/1570060001569893. JSTOR 1571104.